The
Procrastination in English Department students
Of
the fifth semester
Ramlan
Pakaya
English
Department
Gorontalo
State University
January.
2012
Background
In student’s education life, the
word assignment is a very well-known term that is very useful for the students.
It cannot be separated from the students itself. It has to be given in order to
increase the students’ ability in each subject. It also needs to be applied as
the implementation contemporaneously asking question whether the students
understand about the material or not. The teacher can ensure the understanding
of the students about the subject by giving them assignment. Besides, the
accomplishment of assignment is also needed by students to sharpen their
ability to manage their time.
However,
in order to accomplish the assignments, sometimes there are some students who
prefer to procrastinate the accomplishment of the assignments. This could be
happened because of some nonsense reason such as the nearer deadline comes then
the faster brain could think critically, another reason is the ideas always
come when the procrastinator (person who does procrastination) is in
under-pressure of the deadline. If those reason will be analyzed again, proves
are contradict to the facts that procrastinating is only done by the students
who are lazy. Laziness is one of the reasons why students procrastinate the
assignments. If this habit keep running and be the students’ wont, how will the
young generation be in the future? So
that students should not procrastinate the accomplishment of the assignments,
otherwise a bad result of the works will always be there.
In fact
that can be found in the English department of Universitas Negeri gorontalo
that will be my participant, there are many students that have a habit to
postpone or delay the accomplishment of the assignments. If seemed to the
understanding of the word, procrastination is a tendency to postpone in
starting, performing and finishing an activity (Rumiani, 2006), this is not a
big problem in education, and notwithstanding it has a big impact to the young
generation in the future especially to their skill in managing the time.
Many
research have been implemented to study more about procrastination in students
and one of them was performed by Rumiani (2006) in her finding suggested that a
Procrastination occurred because of two
factors: they are internal factors and external factors. Internal factors
included lack of motivation and affect by psychology. External factors included
the effect of environment, and an overload of assignments. Procrastination
which is done by student indicates a lack of motivation in achievement (need
for achievement). This could be seen from the examples such as always come late
to the class, the preparation takes too long time then the assignment cannot be
finished. She furthermore She gave more explanation that procrastination may be affected by two possibilities such as stress
and need for achievement. The findings of her research explained that need for
achievement has a positive correlation in procrastination especially in
university students.
Rumiani’s research (2006) could only give more
explanation internal factors of procrastination such as motivational and
psychological factor, limitation from the research is only found two kinds of
internal factors that affected the students to procrastinate; they are motif
for achievement and also personal psychological factor. However, these factors
cannot represent my expectation in the procrastination in my participant,
because my research is expected to find other kinds of internal factor
especially in English department students of Universitas Negeri Gorontalo that
is not explored in her research. Besides, another limitation from the research
is only found an explanation in external factors such as environmental factors
only. My research is expected to find another external factor of
procrastination.
Generally,
my research expectation finding will be very valuable for many people
especially for those who have a tendency to procrastinate their job, beside
that this research will not only valuable for the students who procrastinate
the assignment but also for the students who are not procrastinators. The other
advantages of my research will be for the teacher whose assignments are always
procrastinated by students. Furthermore for the society that is being the
environment around the students who are procrastinator. By decreasing the
tendency of procrastination then a very good result of work from young
generation can be increased.
By
observed the significances above the purpose of my research is expected to find
the factors of procrastination observed from internal and external factors.
Internal factors can be from the inner personality of the students who
procrastinate the works, whereas external factors can be form outer personality
of the students itself. The research tends to find more about the factors of
procrastination in English department students, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo.
Research
Question
My
research questions that expected to be answered are:
1. What
are the factors of procrastination in English department students of fifth
semester?
2. How
did the internal factors of procrastination affect the students?
3. How
did the external factors of procrastination affect the students?
Research
Purpose
The
purposes of my research are expected to find more explanation about the
phenomenon of procrastination in the fifth semester students especially in
English Department. Furthermore, this research will be related to the finding
of the factors of procrastination observed from the internal and external
factors of the students. Besides, the expansion of the finding will also be
related to the types of procrastinators in English department students. So
that, this research will be very valuable in order to explore the procrastination
in English department students.
Significance
of Study
This
research is hopefully expected to help the students who are procrastinators to
decrease the tendency of procrastination their works. The procrastinator
actually knows that the habit of procrastination is quiet bad from many sides.
From the physical condition (healthy), of course procrastination needs a
long-night time to finish the works then it will be very dangerous for the
students’ health. Furthermore, from educational side it has a bad impact such
as the lack of skills in managing the time, the lack of knowledge in the works
that is being finished, because sometimes when procrastinator could not find
any idea then plagiarism will be the only one way to solve the problem. By
those explanation above it could be concluded that the tendency of
procrastination will be decreased if the students know the factors of
procrastination.
The
impact of procrastination is not only for the students who are procrastinator
but also for those who are not procrastinator. The first main impact is when
they finished their works first, and then the procrastinator will directly come
and plagiarize the result of the works.
Procrastination
is not only mean for the assignments or something like works in learning for
examination. In a hard condition, it could be postponing or delaying to
graduate from university punctually. By decreasing the tendency of
procrastination in graduate from university punctually, this can help parents
to save their money to defray the budget of study.
There
are some benefits of this research for the teachers. The first one is by
knowing the factors of procrastination in students then the teachers can help
the students who have tendency of procrastination by creating the way of
learning with the tips or tricks to avoid the procrastination itself. The
second one is by decreasing the tendency of procrastination in students,
teacher can ensure the students’ comprehension about the material/ subject
which is given. The third one is helping the teacher to decrease the tendency
of plagiarism in students.
In this
explanation, environment can be meant for the country that this research will
help to create a young generation who has a good skill in time management.
Another advantage of this research is to create the young generation that has a
good result in finishing the works, because the works that start in the
beginning of the time can be reviewed many times to be a perfect one. If in the
society have many people that avoid the procrastination so that every works
result will be very good result.
Literature
Review
This
part will analyze about the factors of procrastination. There are some
researchers that focused on the factors of procrastination. They have found
various factors, notwithstanding, this part will not only discuss the factors
of procrastination but also the types of procrastinators in educational side.
The internal factors of procrastination
Almost everybody has the chance to
procrastinate the works. This might happen when a need for achievement declined
(Rumiani, 2006). Need for achievement is one of the internal factors in
procrastination. Furthermore, she gave more explanation that procrastination may be affected by two possibilities such as stress
and need for achievement. The findings of her research showed that need for
achievement has a positive correlation in procrastination especially in
university students. Stress has no correlation to procrastination because for
those who are under pressure of stress still lower in procrastination compared
to those who lack of need of achievement. Procrastination occurred because of
two factors: they are internal factors and external factors. Internal factors
included lack of motivation and affect by psychology. External factors included
the effect of environment, and an overload of assignments. Another finding of
the research found that there was no correlation between academic
procrastination, stress and need of achievement observed from gender.
Need for
achievements were born when a student has a high motivation. If student has
motivation, it will boost the student to reach the purpose of study, it is
success. The motivation can be seen from a hard sacrificing from the individual
student to get the goal (Woolfolk in Rumiani, 2006). The student could also
keep the high spirit of work hard for the sake of his goals. This is contradict
to the procrastinator habit who always ignore the works and careless of the
purpose of his study. Afterwards Rumiani (2006) also stated that a student who
are highly motivated has some characters such as; always work hard, tenacious,
never gives up to the condition, and wants to finish the assignment firstly,
besides, the student who are highly motivated focuses on his goal so that never
let himself to do something useless or
wasting time. A motivated student never let himself to waste the time by
diverting the finishing of assignment to another activity that has no purpose
(Solomon & Rothblum, 1984). In other words, an individual having high level
motivation may experience a more successful process in carrying out tasks
(preparing for exams, preparing term paper, doing homework) during his/her
academic life. So motivation occupies an important place in academic life
(Sirin, 2011).
The external factors of procrastination
Sirin (2011) on her research has
brought one of the factors of procrastination in turkey that there are lots of
factors influential on the situation in Turkey. For example, because of
economic and educational policies, it is hard to be appointed as a teacher
(state worker) after graduating from these departments (physical education and
sport teaching, trainer education, sport management and recreation) so
undergraduates might experience lack of motivation and concentration on their
academic tasks. Furthermore, they may have difficulties in setting their
targets for their future life. By having no target or goal in studying, it
strongly moderated the students to take the academic life flippantly. This
condition is identical to the problem in Indonesian now, while many graduations
of undergraduate student have no job so that makes the other students feel
confident to endure themselves in the university. On the other research finding
that the longer student takes the study in university, the bigger tiresome
comes repeatedly. It is because most of participant (procrastinator) was chosen
from the fifth semester until the twentieth semester.
According
to Rumiani (2006) procrastination is a tendency to postpone in starting,
performing and finishing an activity. Academic procrastination is a phenomenon
which happened in an academic environment. She emphasized that almost 70% of
the University Students doing procrastination is a large comprehension (in
Ellis & Knaus, 1977). Procrastination can be one of the big enemies for the
students to reach their goal in learning. This happened without any
self-awareness from the students that they are in the hole of procrastination.
They just realize that this is natural and has no impact for their study.
On the
other hand, Sirin (2011) suggested “Although procrastination is a common
phenomenon on among students and, is thought to be an unfavorable personality
trait, it seems hard to find a conventional definition on which all the
researcher agree. However, procrastination is stated to be a personality trait
intended to put off an existing work, a behavioral tendency or an irrational
delay”. She concluded that in postponing the activity, it seemed like
personality (psychological) problem that hardly to be explored and it comes
without any exact reason. Sometimes the reason is unacceptable because the
procrastinator consider that the best way of finishing the assignment is only
when the deadline is almost over. Procrastination does not only mean a bad
habit overall. This is actually a bad habit on academic life, however
procrastination can be a good thing in military life, because in the war,
postponing or delaying time to attack the enemy until the best time finally
come is a good decision and it also needs a big patient.
The types of procrastinator
Differentially, the presence of
academic procrastination is affected by external and internal factor. Internal
factors include of motivation and psychological and external factors include of
environment and overload of assignments. Most of the influence factors that
affect the students to procrastinate their activities in academic life are the
internal (psychological) factors. This
statement also supported by the experience of Sapadin and Maguire have
suggested six types of procrastination:
a. Perfections.
The student is afraid of
doing something that imperfect. He has a strong willing the assignment must be
very perfect. Something that will be done in order to finish the assignment
often considered as useless thing so that the individual tends to postpone the
finishing of assignment.
b. Dreamer.
The student has many great ideas but not implemented.
Procrastinator spends most of the time to prepare himself for finding the
material that is needed, and make a complete plan but excessive then delay to
do the assignment.
c. Worrier
The student thinks that the assignment will
never be a good result. The individual cannot make a good assignment. He
worries to be failed then choose to delay the finishing of assignment.
d. Deifer
The student does not want to
be commanded by other people (likes to argue).
e. Crisis
maker
The student always makes a trouble in works
because of late in starting. The procrastinator tends to delay and doing the
assignment when the deadline is almost over so that sometimes it cannot be
finished punctual.
f. Over
doer
The student is overload of assignments. He
cannot manage the time wisely then finally cannot finish all of the assignments
punctually (Sapadin & Maguire, 2002).
Furthermore, Tuckman (2002)
briefly defined procrastinator into two types:
a.
Tense-afraid type: the feeling is under
pressure, the way of thinking that is not realistic of time, unsatisfied of the
achievement, worry, blaming other people or the condition of failure, lack of
self-confidence and sometimes perfectionist. They thought that they are scored
according to what they doing that show their ability, however it makes a feel
of guilty and afraid of something which is going to be happen. This type
encompasses afraid of failure, afraid of success, want to be controlled, or do
not want to be controlled, the willingness of always being with someone who is
needed.
b.
Relaxed type: this kind of type is called
pleasure seeker type, because of disliking assignment which must be done. They
tend to postpone assignment by finding something pleasurable to do.
Based on some researches above, it
can be concluded that procrastination academic is a hard willingness to adjourn
the assignment or activity that needs to be done before the deadline. A person
who does procrastination is called procrastinator. The factors of
procrastination are divided into two categories; the first one is internal
factors and the second one is external factors. However, the large impact comes
from internal factor of the procrastinator. Procrastination in academic has a
positive correlation to academic motivation (it is called need for achievement
in Rumiani, 2006). The higher motivation that the student has the lower
procrastination could be happened. It means that for those who lack of
motivation in academic, they have a large possibility to do procrastination.
By the researches that support my
research proposal, I could find some pieces of information about the factors of
procrastination. Those could be my next step forward to find more explanation
in my research which is expected to find the factors of procrastination in
finishing assignment by university student especially the English Department
Students in Universitas Negeri Gorontalo.
Methodology
Method
In this research, qualitative
approach will be used as the appropriate approach to my research. Hancock
(2012) states that “qualitative research is a research which is concerned with
developing explanations of social phenomena. That is to say, it aims to help us
to understand the world in which we live and why things are the way they are.
It is concerned with the social aspects of our world and seeks to answer
questions about: (1) Why people behave the way they do, (2) How opinions and
attitudes are formed, (3) How people are affected by the events that go on
around them, (4) How and why cultures have developed in the way they have, (5)
The differences between social groups. Qualitative research basically attempts
to answer the questions.
There
are many kinds of qualitative research, however, my research used case study as
the specific approach which is appropriate to the case that is being
researched. According to Ary et al. (2006) “…a case study focuses on a single unit to produce an in-depth
description that is rich and holistic. The underlying question is “What are the
characteristics of this particular entity, phenomenon, person, or setting?”
Case studies typically include multiple sources of data collected over time”.
Furthermore Hancock (2012) states that case study claims to offer the method
that will find information deeply which cannot be offered by other method. By
capturing as many variable as possible, case study can identify how a complex
set of circumstances come together to produce a particular manifestation of
occurrences.
By considering those aspects of
qualitative research above, my research appropriately tends to use qualitative
approach because the question that needs to be answered in my research are
what, and how that phenomenon occurs in my participant. Hereinafter, the kinds
of qualitative research that will be used for my research is case study because
case study will only focus on a single unit and produce a depth description
which is rich and holistic about the case or problem in that unit.
Site
The
site that is chosen is in Universitas Negeri Gorontalo especially in English
department. English department is one of the departments in Universitas Negeri
Gorontalo. The department is in Letter and Culture faculty. A faculty which has
other departments; they are Sendratasik department, Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia
department and Tourism department. The English department is located in the
back-west of the campus. The building is placed in across of post-graduate
building. This department is also located nearby Agriculture faculty and
Technology faculty.
This department
can be the site for conducting my research because of some factors; the first
one is the convenience in order to reach the site because this site is my
University included my department where taken for studying. Another reason of
choosing the site is in emotional side. I have proximity with the place that
simplifies to conduct the research and also choosing the participant.
Participant
Participants who will be chosen are students from
English department of Universitas Negeri Gorontalo especially for those who are
in nineteenth to twenty-two years old in the fifth semester. The fifth semester
of the English department is divided into 5 classes. The students are not newcomer in the system
of learning in English department so that tendency to procrastinate the works
is always being there.
The
way of selection participants were based on some criterion which have been
determined. For those who always tend to procrastinate the works in lecture
will be the main purpose to be selected. These participants should not be aware
when they were being researched so that the accuracy of the data will be
naturally found in order to find more explanation about the phenomenon.
Data
Collection
Instrumentation
The most
widely used tools in qualitative research are interviews, document analysis,
and observation (Ary, et al: 2006). However, my research will use two
instruments in collecting data. In this section, there will be two instruments
of collecting data. The first one is observation and the second one is
interview. According to Bungin (2007) there are three kinds observation, such
as: 1) participation observation, 2) unstructured observation, and 3) group
observation (in Rahardjo 2011). Group observation will not be used because
there will no group researcher that study about the same case in this research.
The second one interview, at least there are two kinds of interview; 1).
Structured interview and 2) semi structured or unstructured interview.
Structured interview can be asking the same question to the participants. The
questions might be in one thought or arranged in limited range of responses be
able to be raised. Furthermore, semi structure interview consists of open-ended
question according to the topic that the researcher wants to cover by the
questions. The open-ended questions should be naturally questioned the topic
which is being researched however the question should give the opportunity for
both of interviewer and interviewee to have discussion to be more detail
(Hancock, 2012).
Procedure
In the
procedure of collecting data, the first step is conducting an observation to
site that is being the place of research. Kinds of observation that will be
used are participation observation where the researcher directly come and be
mingled with the participants. In this case, at the time the participants
should be in the condition of procrastinating some works and or assignments
without knowing by the participants that they are being observed. By doing this
step, there will be a clear sight which participants has more tendency in
procrastination. This step should be a determinant factor for the next step in
collecting further data.
The next
step is conducting interview, the first interview will be structured interview
where the participant will be asked some questions which are typically same
with other participants. The questions will only about seeking the factors of
why they have tendency to procrastinate the works or assignment. It is not
enough about using unstructured interview because there will be a comparison
between the students who have tendency of procrastination with students who
less of tendency in procrastination. In this case the semi structured interview
will be conducted in order to find the factors of procrastination in their
perception. Semi structured interview will not be limited in the range of the
topic; the question can be expanded to any discussion between researcher and
interviewee. The period time that will be needed for collecting data will be
six months or in one semester to find more accurate data of research.
Data Analysis
Miles
and Heberman (Cited in Putra, 2009:53) defined the steps of data analysis
firstly, reducing data, by sorting and converting the data from the field.
Secondly, presenting the data, they are combining and arranging the information
into form of unity, selective and understandable. Thirdly, formulating and
concluding, that is performing re-observation in the field to check the
truthfulness and validity that occur there. The result that is found will be
interpreted, and then will be presented in narrative.
My
analysis data will go through some ways bellow; firstly the data which are
collected by conducting interview to the participants in the field will be
separated into two categories according to the topic; which one will be in the
external factors of procrastination and which one will be in the internal
factors of procrastination. The data which are separated will be presented in
narrative text that is in form of selective and understandable text. Those data
can be formulated or concluded into the form of the specification the types of
procrastinators according to the way they procrastinate the works and also by
those data, the conclusion of avoiding the tendency of procrastination can be
identified. After analyzing the data overall, the researcher should conduct
recheck in the field whether the data that are being collected according to the
truth or not. The point is to find the accurateness and the validity of the
data.
Validity
In order
to find the accurateness of data, some ways of proofing data validity will be
conducted:
Prolonged time
The
first one is prolonged time. In conducting research the more time we need to
collect and analyze the data the more accurate and valid of data will be found
in the field. So that the time duration which will be needed in order for
accomplishing the research should be more than 3 months.
Triangulation
The
second one is triangulation. Triangulation is a technique of verifying the
validity of the data by using something outside of the data itself for the
necessity of checking or as the comparison of the data. In this case, according
to Bachri (2010) triangulation can be categorized into three kinds; they are
sources triangulation, technique triangulation and time triangulation.
Triangulation which will be
used is technique triangulation. In this case, to check whether the data are
valid or not, researcher will recheck the data credibility to the same sources
of data (participants) by using three different techniques; they are observation,
interview and document (questionnaire). The only purpose is to find the same
result and also the same data in the researcher with the field.
The triangulation has been
chosen as one of the way to verify the data validity because triangulation is a
validity checker that is appropriate to the qualitative case study especially
my topic of research.
Member checking
The
third one is member checking. Member checking is a technique of verifying data
validity by directly comes to the participants and has a discussion about the
finding of the research before presenting the result of the research. The
purpose of member checking is to know whether the data which are collected
according to the data which are given by participants.
By conducting those techniques
of verifying data validity, so that the accurateness and the credibility of the
research will not be doubted.
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